1. Confucian order and Taoist spontaneity

In China, the most important structures are generally placed in the central position as a sign of respect, and the secondary structures on either side. Consequently, most traditional Chinese architectural constructions are laid out on a north-south-central axis, with symmetrical pairs of objects on either side, reflecting the Confucian emphasis on order and symmetry.

Traditional courtyard residences had the elder generation's living quarters in the north-central position as a sign of respect. Similarly, in public construction the most important building was positioned in the center, with auxiliary buildings on either side. Nearly all traditional Chinese architectural structures follow this basic design principle, using a clear north-south-center axis with symmetrical structures on the east and west.

Aerial view of the Forbidden City

Confucianism's pursuit of order and symmetry in design, like its emphasis on hierarchical distinctions in social relationships, carried a strong element of moral judgment. Many of the palaces and halls of the Forbidden City are named according to the Confucian concept of morality, containing such words as benevolence, harmony, central, and peace. Names such as Tian'anmen (the Gate of Heavenly Peace) and the Hall of Supreme Harmony are expressions of basic Confucian principles.

Imperial palaces and residences embody Confucian principles of symmetry, constraint, and order, while parks and gardens embody Taoist values of transformation, vitality, and spontaneity.

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