1. Confucianism and the Confucian code

Confucius (551-479 BC) established the Confucian school of thought around 500 BC, during China's Spring and Autumn Period (770-476BC). Confucianism quickly became one of the pillars of Chinese culture, and was named China's official state ideology around 100 BC, during the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD) by Emperor Han Wudi, who reigned from 140-87 BC. It continued to be revered throughout subsequent dynasties. Confucian philosophy attaches great importance to ethics and human relationships, and is one of the main pillars of Chinese culture.

Fundamental principles of Confucianism:

Confucianism has had a great influence on Chinese culture. Its values permeate the life, thinking, and customs of the Chinese people. Among the fundamental principles of Confucian philosophy are loyalty, filial piety, moral integrity, and righteousness, as well as benevolence, wisdom, faith, and adherence to the Confucian code. Another fundamental principle is the absolute authority of the ruler over subject, father over child, and husband over wife.

Bao family memorial arches (Tangyue of Huizhou in Anhui Province)

Memorial arches were used in classical China to commemorate exemplary figures. The arches were inscribed with the names and deeds of the people being honored, offering insight into the social values of the time.

Anyone wishing to erect a memorial arch was required to first submit a request to the local feudal authorities. After initial approval, the request made its way up the bureaucratic chain. Only with the ultimate approval of the emperor could the arch finally be constructed. The arch was designed strictly according to the rank of the person being honored. For a family or village, to be honored with a memorial arch was considered to be the highest form of recognition.

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