For example, said Han Fei Zi, if a gate guard (while on duty) goes to fetch a blanket for the king who has just dozed off, this guard neglects his official duty and deserves punishment. Thus it is guaranteed that every action taken is predictable. In addition, the system of law, not the ruler, ran the state. If the law is successfully enforced, even a weak ruler will be strong.

Shu: method, control, or art. Unlike other Chinese systems of thought, morality is not important in Legalism. Special methods and "secrets" are to be employed by the ruler to make sure the ministers don't take over control of the state. Especially important is that no one can fathom the rulers' motivations, and thus no one can know which behavior might help them get ahead; except for following the laws.

Shi: legitimacy, power, or charisma. It is the position of the ruler, rather than the ruler, that holds the power.

  Important philosophers and their thoughts

The Legalist school finds its finest expression in the writings of Han Fei Zi. Hower, it is generally recognized that before him, Xun Zi's thoughts already had some features of Legalism, while Xun Zi himself could be considered a transitional figure between Confucianism and Legalism.

Han Fei Zi

Emperor Qin Shihuang recognized Han Fei Zi, a philosopher of the Warring States Period (475-221BC), after reading his works. Han himself was a part of the aristocracy, as he was born into the ruling family of the state of Han. His philosophy centered on the ruler. In Han Fei's philosophy, the ruler firmly controls the state with the help of Fa, Shu, and Shi.

Others

The early legalist representatives are Li Li, Wu Qi, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, and Shen Dao.

Li Li wrote the Fajing (Law Classics), which is considered the earliest statue book in China.

Wu Qi deployed troops with great skills, and attached great importance on making the law known to everyone, improving on Li Li's thought.

Shang Yang conducted political reforms in the State of Qin, promoted the supremacy and equality of law, and advocated the importance of punishment and incentive. His efforts brought order and prosperity to the State of Qin, laying a solid foundation for the state to unify China later.

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