The sword of Gou Jian, king of Yue 　 a state treasure

The sword first appeared in China during the early age of cold weaponry, but its use in close-quarters combat was relatively short. By the early third century it had departed the battlefield and become a main artistic motif. Later still, it was an appurtenance denoting social standing.

From monarch of all weapons to stage star

Swordplay combines martial and acrobatic skills. After becoming obsolete on the battlefield, the ethos of the sword, so-called monarch of all weapons, changed from that of dispatcher of enemies and preserver of its owner's life to object of aesthetic appreciation. The sword became, and remained, a major aspect of folk theater and dance sequences.

The two broad Tang Dynasty dance genres were the graceful, flowing "civilian dance" and spirited "martial dance." Choreographically conceived swordplay included the spectacularly swirling "Sword Huntuo" dance of the Western Regions and the bold, sensuous "Xihe Sword" folk dances of Northwestern China.

The supreme Tang Dynasty swordplay champion was Madame Gongsun. Clad in full martial costume, she mesmerized audiences with her deft wielding of the sword and dazzling dance artistry. Madame Gongsun's admirers included respected scholars and men of letters, and the great Tang poet Du Fu wrote a poem dedicated to her virtuosity.

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